Employment LawScene Alert: Can Employees Use FMLA to Avoid Overtime?

The FMLA requires that covered employers grant eligible employees twelve weeks of unpaid leave for a serious health condition that prevents them from performing the functions of their job. FMLA leave can be taken on an intermittent basis if medically necessary. A recent case out of the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut shows the importance of correctly identifying your obligations under the FMLA and how they may differ from your obligations under other employment law statutes such as the Americans with Disabilities Act.

In Santiago v. Department of Transportation, et al., the employee was diagnosed with “cluster headaches,” which he said were “worse than migraines,” “completely disabling,” and “can last for hours to days depending on the episode.” The employee and his doctor determined that his “excessive work schedule,” which was essentially anything over eight hours a day or forty hours per week, was a main trigger of his headaches and suggested that his work schedule be limited. Because the employee’s job required mandatory overtime, the employer stated that it could not accommodate him and that, if he could not find another job with the employer, he would either need to apply for disability retirement or be terminated. The employer stated that those were his only options if he could not perform overtime, even if he applied for FMLA leave. The employee submitted FMLA paperwork from his physician that outlined his serious health condition and stated that he could not work over eight hours per day.  Because he could not perform overtime, he was placed on leave and eventually terminated.

Although the employer argued that the employee was only entitled to leave when he was actually incapacitated, the court found that “[t]he examples in the regulation specifically provide that an employee can take leave to avoid the onset of illness, noting that ‘an employee with asthma may be unable to report for work . . . because the employee’s health care provider has advised the employee to stay home when the pollen count exceeds a certain level.’” (citing 29 C.F.R. § 825.115(f)). 

Furthermore, the employer argued that what the employee was requesting was essentially a permanent accommodation that changed the essential functions of the job. The Court acknowledged that while the employee “might not be able to use the ADA to avoid overtime . . . employees can use their yearly allotment of 12 weeks of FMLA leave to significantly alter their schedules.” The Court went on to point out that, unlike the ADA, the FMLA does not include an “undue hardship” defense and the employer is required to provide the mandated 12 weeks of leave.

Decisions like this can put employers between a rock and a hard place, where they need employees to be at work because overtime is an essential function of the job and where they have to comply with multiple laws. Employers also need to carefully evaluate their obligations to make sure that they are properly complying with all relevant employment laws.