When a gift is made, the fair market value of the gift must be determined for federal gift tax purposes. The fair market value of a gift is important to determine whether the donor’s gift exceeds the annual gift tax exclusion amount ($15,000 per person per year in both 2019 and 2020), and if so, how much of the donor’s estate tax exemption is being used. The gift tax regulations define “fair market value” as the price that a hypothetical willing buyer would pay a hypothetical willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or sell, and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts.
Generally, gifts are valued “as of” the date they are given. In certain circumstances, however, an event that happens after the date of the gift must be taken into consideration. The IRS has recently reiterated this position in IRS Memorandum 201939002 (September 27, 2019). In this case, the donor gifted shares of a publicly-traded corporation, of which he was a co-founder and Chairman of the Board, to an irrevocable trust. The very next day, the corporation announced a merger. The value of the donor’s gifted shares increased substantially following the merger announcement.
Even though the merger was announced a day after the gift was made, the IRS determined that the pending merger must be factored into the valuation of the stock. The IRS pointed out that the merger had been negotiated for some time before the announcement and was practically certain to go through.
The IRS reasoned that information that a reasonable buyer or seller would uncover during negotiations would constitute “reasonable knowledge,” and would consequently impact the fair market value of the shares. A hypothetical willing buyer is presumed to be “reasonably informed” and “prudent,” which means they are assumed to have asked the hypothetical willing seller for information that is not publicly available. Therefore, a hypothetical willing buyer and willing seller, on the date of the gift, would be reasonably informed during negotiations over the purchase and sale of shares and would have knowledge of all relevant facts, including a pending merger.
It is important to remember that post-valuation date events may impact the fair market value of the gifted property for gift tax purposes. A post-valuation date event may be considered if the event was reasonably foreseeable as of the valuation date. Even an unforeseeable post-valuation date event may be probative of the earlier valuation if it is relevant to establishing the amount that a hypothetical willing buyer would have paid a hypothetical willing seller for the subject property as of the valuation date.
If you have any questions on how to value a gift, please contact O’Neil Cannon at 414-276-5000.
